BSC 219

Study Guide 4

Genomics and Proteomics- You should know and understand the following:

Structural genomics and how a shotgun approach to genome sequencing works

Functional genomics and how genomes work

What is a transcriptome

How do microarrays work for determining gene expression patterns

Proteomics and how 2D-gels work

Organelles, Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics- You should know and understand the following:

The structure and number of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes

The difference between the two strands of the human mitochondrial genome

What is meant by ancestral and derived genomes

The origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria

Movement of genes from organelles to nucleus

Egg polarity genes in Drosophila

In particular you should understand dorsal/ventral and anterior/posterior axis establishment and the molecules that induce them (Dorsal/bicoid/nanos)

The difference between apoptosis and necrosis

How genes encoding antibodies can express such a large range of proteins

How B cells respond to recognizing a specific antigen

What MHC does in cells

Cancer Genetics- You should know and understand the following:

What is cancer

The difference between benign and malignant tumors

The biological and genetic changes that need to occur to cause cancer

The biological changes associated with malignancy

Oncogenes, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and how they are involved in cancer

How viruses can cause cancer

The sequence of events in colorectal cancer formation

Population genetics- You should know and understand the following:

How to use Hardy-Weinberg to calculate allele and genotype frequencies

The conditions under which Hardy-Weinberg applies

Negative and positive assertive mating and their effects on a population

Inbreeding and outcrossing and their effects on a population

Evolutionary forces and how they affect allele frequency

(mutation, migration, genetic drift, selection)

Quantitative genetics- You should know and understand the following:

How muligenic traits can produce a distribution effect

Variance and standard deviation

How standard deviations relate to area of curve

The number of loci determines the number of possible phenotypic classes

Correlation and causation

How to read a correlation graph or correlation coefficient

How the environment effects phenotypic expression and heritability

QTL and how they are used by researchers

How quantitative traits can change in response to selection

Evolutionary Genetics-You should know and understand the following:

How to read phylogenetic maps

Cladogenesis and anagenesis

How molecular variation is determined

Neutral mutation theory

Species and how they arise by reproductive isolation

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

Allopatric and sympatric speciation

Molecular clocks

Which parts of a gene vary more over time

Genome evolution events