BSC 219
Study Guide 4
Genomics and Proteomics- You should know and understand the following:
Structural genomics and how a shotgun approach to genome sequencing works
Functional genomics and how genomes work
What is a transcriptome
How do microarrays work for determining gene expression patterns
Proteomics and how 2D-gels work
Organelles, Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics- You should know and understand the following:
The structure and number of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes
The difference between the two strands of the human mitochondrial genome
What is meant by ancestral and derived genomes
The origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria
Movement of genes from organelles to nucleus
Egg polarity genes in Drosophila
In particular you should understand dorsal/ventral and anterior/posterior axis establishment and the molecules that induce them (Dorsal/bicoid/nanos)
The difference between apoptosis and necrosis
How genes encoding antibodies can express such a large range of proteins
How B cells respond to recognizing a specific antigen
What MHC does in cells
Cancer Genetics- You should know and understand the following:
What is cancer
The difference between benign and malignant tumors
The biological and genetic changes that need to occur to cause cancer
The biological changes associated with malignancy
Oncogenes, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and how they are involved in cancer
How viruses can cause cancer
The sequence of events in colorectal cancer formation
Population genetics- You should know and understand the following:
How to use Hardy-Weinberg to calculate allele and genotype frequencies
The conditions under which Hardy-Weinberg applies
Negative and positive assertive mating and their effects on a population
Inbreeding and outcrossing and their effects on a population
Evolutionary forces and how they affect allele frequency
(mutation, migration, genetic drift, selection)
Quantitative genetics- You should know and understand the following:
How muligenic traits can produce a distribution effect
Variance and standard deviation
How standard deviations relate to area of curve
The number of loci determines the number of possible phenotypic classes
Correlation and causation
How to read a correlation graph or correlation coefficient
How the environment effects phenotypic expression and heritability
QTL and how they are used by researchers
How quantitative traits can change in response to selection
Evolutionary Genetics-You should know and understand the following:
How to read phylogenetic maps
Cladogenesis and anagenesis
How molecular variation is determined
Neutral mutation theory
Species and how they arise by reproductive isolation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms
Allopatric and sympatric speciation
Molecular clocks
Which parts of a gene vary more over time
Genome evolution events